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What would happen to the vast Soviet nuclear arsenal after the collapse of centralized command and control? As he counseled his boss, President George H. Now, with Yeltsin upping the ante by calling for the Soviet Union’s complete destruction, Baker had a new fear. Yakovlev was skeptical and responded that there were 12 million Russians in Ukraine, with “many in mixed marriages,” so “what sort of war could it be?” Baker answered simply: “A normal war.” On November 19, 1991, he had asked one of Gorbachev’s advisers, Alexander Yakovlev, if Ukraine’s breaking away would prompt violent Russian resistance. The long-term consequences, however, were harder to grasp.Įven before Yeltsin’s gambit, Baker had begun worrying about whether the desire of some Soviet republics to become independent might yield bloodshed. Gorbachev resigned, and the Soviet Union collapsed. In the short run, it was a brilliant move, and within ten days, it had succeeded completely. Their motive was to render Gorbachev impotent by transforming him from the head of a massive country into the president of nothing. Yeltsin had recently made a shocking announcement that he and the leaders of Belarus and Ukraine were dismantling the Soviet Union. Secretary of State James Baker arrived in Moscow amid political chaos to meet with Russian leader Boris Yeltsin, who was at the time busy wresting power from his nemesis, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. The resulting conquest and colonization proved disastrous for civilizations, such as the Inca, Taino, and Aztec, along with thousands of other communities throughout the Americas.On December 15, 1991, U.S. This meant that unless the land was already claimed by a Christian (European) ruler, by the terms of their treaty, Spain and Portugal could claim practically any land they managed to conquer in the Americas. Of course, by that time, Christianity had not spread broadly in the Americas.
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The treaty stipulated that any lands with a “ Christian king” would not be colonized. More significantly, however, the Treaty of Tordesillas completely ignored the millions of people already living in established communities in the Americas. The British, French, and Dutch Empires did not claim parts of the Americas until years after the Treaty of Tordesillas. The treaty did not consider any future claims made by the British, French, and other European superpowers of their respective times. Spain and Portugal were the only signatories of the treaty because at the time, they were the only European powers to establish a presence in the Americas. The borders of modern Brazil have expanded since the 1506 expansion of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
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This is because the eastern tip of Brazil falls east of the line of demarcation settled upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas, and was where the majority of Portuguese colonization occurred. For example, all Latin American nations are predominantly Spanish-speaking countries with the sole exception of Brazil where Portuguese is the national language. The results of this treaty are still evident throughout the Americas today.
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Spain and Portugal adhered to the treaty without major conflict between the two, although the line of demarcation was moved an additional 270 leagues (about 1500 kilometers or 932 miles) farther west in 1506, which enabled Portugal to claim the eastern coast of what is now Brazil. All lands west of that line were claimed by Spain. All lands east of that line (about 46 degrees, 37 minutes west) were claimed by Portugal. Spain and Portugal divided the New World by drawing a north-to-south line of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean, about 100 leagues (555 kilometers or 345 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands, off the coast of northwestern Africa and then controlled by Portugal. The Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the “ New World” of the Americas between the two superpowers. On June 7, 1494, the governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas, named for the city in Spain in which it was created.
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